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Senusret III (also written as
Senwosret III or
Sesostris III) was a
pharaoh of
Egypt. He ruled from
1878 BC to
1839 BC, and was the fifth monarch of the
Twelfth Dynasty of the
Middle Kingdom. He was a Great Pharaoh of the twelfth Dynasty and is supposed to be the most powerful Egyptian ruler of this time. For this, he's regarded as one of the sources for the legend about
Sesostris.
Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract and relentlessly pushed his kingdom's expansion deep into
Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive river forts including
Buhen,
Semna and
Toshka at
Uronarti. He carried out at least 4 major campaigns deep into Nubia in his Year 8, 10, 16 and 19 respectively. His Year 8 stela at Semna documents his victories against the Nubians through which he thought having made safe the southern frontier, preventing further incursions into Egypt. Another great
stela from Semna mentions his
military activities against both
Nubia and
Canaan. In it, he admonished his future successors to maintain the new border which he'd created:
1894, found rock inscriptions near
Sehel Island documenting his digging of a canal under the king. Senusret III erected a
temple and
town in
Abydos, and another temple in
Medamud.
His
pyramid was constructed at
Dahshur. A
papyrus in the
Berlin Museum shows Year 20 of his reign is equivalent to Year 1 of his son
Amenemhat III. This means that he initiated a coregency with his son in this year. According to
Josef W. Wegner, a Year 39 hieratic control note was recovered on a white limestone block from
Wegner stresses that it's unlikely that Amenemhet III, Senusret's son and successor would still be working on his father's temple nearly 4 decades into his own reign. He notes that the only possible solution for the block's existence here's that Senusret III had a 39-year reign, with the final 20 years in
coregency with his son
Amenemhet III. Since the project was associated with a project of Senusret III, his Regnal Year was presumably used to date the block, rather than Year 20 of Amenemhet III. This implies that Senusret was still alive in the first 2 decades of his son's reign prior to his death.
Visually, Senusret III is known for his strikingly somber sculptures in which he appears careworn and grave.
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